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Batailles, incidents et événements historiques liés aux sabres japonais
242 événements
June 1542 (Tenbun 11) – September 1548 (Tenbun 17)
From 1542 to 1548, Date clan head Date Tanemune and his son and heir Harumune clashed over succession and foreign alliance policy, escalating into a six-year war that split the daimyo of the Ōu region into two camps. Mediation by shogun Ashikaga Yoshiteru brought peace; Harumune relocated the clan's base to Yonezawa Castle and reorganized its rule, laying the groundwork for Date Masamune's later unification of Ōshū.
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Tengyō 2–4 (939–941)
A rebellion led by Fujiwara no Sumitomo, a former provincial governor (kokushi) of Iyo Province, commanding Seto Inland Sea pirate bands during the Shohei-Tengyō era (939–941). Along with Taira no Masakado's Rebellion in the Kanto region (the eastern portion of the Shohei-Tengyō Disturbances), it symbolizes the weakening of the ritsuryō state and represents the pivotal period when regional warrior bands and swords stepped onto history's main stage.
September–October 764 (Tenpyō-hōji 8)
In 764, Fujiwara no Nakamaro (Emi no Oshikatsu), who held supreme power as Grand Minister (Taishi), rose in rebellion in an attempt to remove the monk Dōkyō, who had risen to prominence through the favor of Retired Empress Kōken. Nakamaro failed to seize the imperial seal and bell that symbolized sovereign authority, fled to Ōmi Province, and was hunted down and killed at Katsuno-onie in Takashima District. In the aftermath, Emperor Junnin was exiled to Awaji, Retired Empress Kōken resumed the throne as Empress Shōtoku, and Dōkyō's power grew further as Chancellor-Preceptor.
August–November 740 (Tenpyō 12)
In 740, Fujiwara no Hirotsugu, who had been demoted to Deputy Governor-General of Dazaifu, rose in rebellion demanding the removal of the monk Genbō and the scholar Kibi no Makibi, who held real power at court. Leading forces levied from across Kyūshū, he was defeated by imperial troops at the Battle of the Itabitsu River, captured in Matsura District, Hizen Province, and executed. The rebellion prompted Emperor Shōmu to begin a five-year period of relocating the capital, moving successively to Kuni-kyō, Naniwa-kyō, and Shigaraki-kyō.
February 19, 1837 (Tenpō 8)
On February 19, 1837 (Tenpō 8), Ōshio Heihachirō, a former aide of the Osaka East Magistrate's office, led an uprising in Osaka under the banner of saving the people. As the largest city revolt of the Edo period, it profoundly influenced the late-shogunate loyalists.
1833-1838 (Tenpō 4 to Tenpō 9)
From 1833 to 1838, a massive famine devastated all of Japan. Successive crop failures due to climate cooling were especially severe in the Tohoku region. A population loss of approximately 1.25 million was recorded nationwide, and in Edo, 150 to 200 people died of starvation daily. In the social unrest spawned by the famine, major peasant uprisings and rebellions such as the Ōshio Heihachirō Rebellion and the Tenpō Disturbance ensued, accelerating the social turmoil leading to the late Edo period. It was a grave event that exposed the decline of the Tokugawa shogunate's governing capacity and the fundamental crisis of the Edo-period system.
c. 1238 (Katei 4 / Rekininn 1)
Around 1238 (Katei 4 / Rekininn 1), the smith Mitsutada began forging in Osafune, Bizen Province (present-day Setouchi City, Okayama Prefecture), establishing the foundation of the Osafune school. Inheriting the technical legacy of the Fukuoka Ichimonji school that had flourished under Ex-Emperor Gotoba's Gobankaji system, Mitsutada developed a distinctive style exploiting the geographic advantages and abundant iron-sand resources of the Yoshii River valley. Passed down through three generations to his son Nagamitsu and grandson Kagemitsu, the Osafune school became Japan's largest sword-production center throughout the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, and many great generals prized Osafune blades as personal swords.
June 24, Kakitsu 1 (July 12, 1441)
In June of Kakitsu 1 (1441), Akamatsu Mitsusuke, daimyo of Harima, Bizen, and Mimasaka provinces, assassinated Shogun Ashikaga Yoshinori by inviting him to his residence—a political coup. It arose from backlash against Yoshinori's reign of terror, which was called "Terror of All Men." Mitsusuke was defeated by the shogunate army shortly after, and both the power of the daimyo and the authority of the shogun were greatly shaken.
Early Nanboku-chō period (first half of the 14th century, Kenmu–Jōwa era)
In the early Nanboku-chō period, Shizu Saburō Kaneuji—a Yamato-born disciple of Masamune counted among his "Ten Disciples"—relocated to Shizu in Mino Province, followed by Kanshige, who moved from Tsuruga in Echizen to Seki. Their fusion of Yamato-den and Sōshū-den techniques, oriented toward practical utility, took root in Mino, establishing the last of the Five Traditions (Gokaden): the Mino tradition.
August 20, 1864 (19th day, 7th month, Genji 1)
In July 1864, Chōshū domain warriors stormed the Hamaguri-gomon Gate of the Imperial Palace in Kyoto, triggering the Kinmon Incident. The resulting fires destroyed much of Kyoto (the 'Dondonyake'), Chōshū was branded an imperial enemy, and the Shinsengumi participated in the suppression. This violent collision of political factions marked the definitive militarization of Bakumatsu politics.
August–December 1864 (Genji 1)
In August 1864, the Tokugawa shogunate organized a massive punitive expedition against Chōshū domain after the Kinmon Incident. Through mediation by Saigō Takamori, Chōshū submitted and apologized, ending the campaign without bloodshed.
March 22, 1185 (19th day, 2nd month, Genryaku 2)
In February 1185, Minamoto no Yoshitsune launched a surprise attack on the Taira stronghold at Yashima in Shikoku during a raging storm. The battle produced some of the Genpei War's most celebrated episodes: Nasu no Yoichi's arrow shot at the fan, Taira no Tomomori's desperate defense, and the seafront combat that prefigured the final destruction at Dan-no-ura.
8th month, Genkō 1 (August 1331) — 5th month, Genkō 3 (May 1333)
In Genkō 1 (1331), Emperor Go-Daigo raised an army at Kasagi to overthrow the Kamakura shogunate. The brilliant defensive stand of Kusunoki Masashige at Chihaya Castle pinned down the massive shogunate forces, buying time until Ashikaga Takauji and Nitta Yoshisada defected. In Genkō 3 (1333), Kamakura fell. The 140-year Kamakura shogunate was destroyed, triggering the Kenmu Restoration and ultimately the Nanbokuchō civil war.
June 3–16, 1333 (8th–22nd day, 5th month, Genkō 3)
In May 1333, Nitta Yoshisada rose in revolt at Emperor Go-Daigo's command and stormed the Kamakura Shogunate's seat of power. The legendary parting of the tidal flats at Inamuragasaki and the mass suicide of the Hōjō clan at Tōshōji temple — the fall of Kamakura ended 140 years of warrior government and opened the brief era of imperial restoration.
May 7, 1333 (Genkō 3)
On May 7, 1333 (Genhō 3), Ashikaga Takauji raised his banner against the shogunate and seized the Rokuhara Tandai in Kyoto. The collapse of this administrative center—the shogunate's 'eyes in the west,' which had dominated Kyoto for over 110 years since the Jōkyū Rebellion (1221)—became the decisive prelude to the Kamakura shogunate's fall on May 22 of the same year. This marked the end of the golden age of sword-craft in the late Kamakura period when Masamune flourished, and heralded the transition to the age of the daitachi of the Northern and Southern Courts era.
2nd–5th month, 1333 CE (Genkō 3)
In 1333 (Genkyō 3), Kusunoki Masashige held Chihaya Castle, built on the natural fortifications of Mount Kongō (in present-day Chihaya Akasaka Village, Osaka Prefecture), with only a few hundred troops against the Kamakura shogunate's tens of thousands. This siege, waged through stratagem and unwavering resolve, tied down the shogunate's forces for several months. While this struggle unfolded, Nitta Yoshisada attacked Kamakura itself, leading to the shogunate's collapse. The Battle of Chihaya Castle remains deeply engraved in Japanese sword and military-chronicle culture as a miraculous siege—testament to how tactical ingenuity against overwhelming numerical odds can alter the course of history.
1333–1336 CE (Genkō 3 – Kenmu 3)
Emperor Go-Daigo's brief imperial restoration (1333–1336) following the fall of the Kamakura shogunate. The conflict between loyalists like Kusunoki Masashige and Ashikaga Takauji's revolt led to the Nanbokuchō split and the rise of the Ashikaga shogunate.
June 28, Genki 1 (July 30, 1570)
In June of Genki 1 (1570), the allied forces of Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu clashed with those of Azai Nagamasa and Asakura Yoshikage in a pitched battle at the banks of the Anekawa River in Ōmi Province. The fierce efforts of Tokugawa Ieyasu's retainer Sakakibara Yasumasa and others turned the tide of battle, and the Oda-Tokugawa forces achieved victory. This battle accelerated the collapse of the Azai-Asakura alliance.
April, Genki 1 (1570)
In April 1570, Oda Nobunaga invaded Echizen Province to attack Asakura Yoshikage. When his ally Azai Nagamasa unexpectedly betrayed him, cutting off his retreat, Nobunaga executed a desperate fighting withdrawal — the famous 'Kanegasaki Withdrawal'. Kinoshita Hideyoshi commanded the rear guard that held off the pursuing Asakura-Azai forces long enough for Nobunaga to reach safety.
1570–1574 CE (Genki 1 – Tenshō 2)
An armed uprising by Ikko sect (Jodo Shinshu) followers that erupted in Nagashima, Ise Province (present-day Kuwana City, Mie Prefecture) from Genki 1 (1570) through Tensho 2 (1574). Oda Nobunaga launched three campaigns against Nagashima, finally suppressing it in the Third Campaign (1574). However, the mass massacre of surrendered followers that occurred during this final campaign became an iconic example of Nobunaga's ruthless warfare that was passed down to posterity.
1570–1580 (Genki 1 – Tenshō 8)
From 1570 to 1580, the Ishiyama Hongan-ji — the headquarters of Jōdo Shinshū Buddhism on the site of present-day Osaka Castle — resisted Oda Nobunaga's forces for nearly a decade. The fortress-temple's armed adherents (ikki) held out against repeated assaults and naval blockades until an imperial-mediated truce ended the conflict. The longest siege of the Sengoku period.
April 12, Genki 4 (May 13, 1573)
In 1573, Takeda Shingen, the daimyo of Kai who was advancing toward Kyoto in the Saikō Campaign after crushing Tokugawa Ieyasu at Mikatagahara, fell fatally ill during the siege of Noda Castle and died at Komaba in Shinano Province at age 53 while retreating to Kai. His death collapsed the anti-Oda coalition and set the stage for the Takeda clan's later defeat at Nagashino and eventual destruction.
May 4, Genki 3 (June 5, 1572 CE)
In the third year of Genki (1572), in Hyūga Province (present-day Miyazaki Prefecture), the Shimazu army under Shimazu Yoshihiro defeated the Itō army under Itō Yoshisuke through brilliant stratagem. With a small force, Shimazu Yoshihiro employed the tsurino-buse tactic to annihilate an Itō army more than three times their size, achieving a decisive victory in the struggle for hegemony between Satsuma and Hyūga. Through this battle, Yoshihiro's martial fame spread widely, and Shimazu clan control of Hyūga was firmly established. Called 'Hyūga's Okehazama,' this is the most important battle in the military history of Satsuma, Ōsumi, and Hyūga.
1572–1575 (Genki 3 – Tenshō 3)
From Genki 3 (1572) to Tenshō 3 (1575), the Takeda and Oda clans contested control of Iwamura Castle in Mino Province. Female castle lord Lady Otsuya sought to protect the castle through marriage to Takeda strategist Akiyama Torashige, but after the Battle of Nagashino, Oda forces retook the castle, and both Torashige and Otsuya were executed.